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Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1866 to elect Representatives to the 40th United States Congress.
The elections occurred just one year after the American Civil War ended at Appomattox, in which the Union defeated the Confederacy.
The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era, in which President Andrew Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished South.
Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital. A Congress consisting of mostly Radical Republicans sat early in the Capitol and aside from the delegation from Tennessee who were allowed in, the few Southern Congressmen who arrived were not seated.
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Johnson, a War Democrat, had been elected Vice President in the 1864 presidential election as the running mate of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. (The Republicans had chosen not to re-nominate Hannibal Hamlin for a second term as Vice President).
Lincoln and Johnson ran together under the banner of the National Union Party, which brought together Republicans (with the exception of some hard-line abolitionist Radical Republicans who backed John C. Frémont, who eventually dropped out of the race after brokering a deal with Lincoln) and the War Democrats (the minority of Democrats who backed Lincoln's prosecution of the war, as opposed to the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, who favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederates).
After the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson became President. He immediately became embroiled in a dispute with the Radical Republicans over the conditions of Reconstruction; Johnson favored a lenient Reconstruction, while Radical Republicans wanted to continue the military occupation of the South and force Southern states to give freedmen (the newly-freed slaves) civil rights (and the right to vote).
Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle; he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received.
The Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky voted for Democrats. Recently Reconstructed Tennessee sent a Republican delegation. The other 10 ex-Confederate states did not vote.
| Party | Total seats (change) | Seat percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Republican Party | 173 | +37 | 77.2% |
| Democratic Party | 47 | -9 | 21.0% |
| Independents | 2 | +1 | 0.9% |
| Conservatives | 2 | +2 | 0.9% |
| Totals | 224 | +31 | 100.0% |
| District | Incumbent | Party | Elected | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| California 1 | Donald C. McRuer | Republican | 1864 | Retired Democratic gain |
Samuel Beach Axtell (D) 57.3% Timothy G. Phelps (R) 42.7% |
| California 2 | William Higby | Republican | 1862 | Re-elected | William Higby (R) 52.1% James W. Coffroth (D) 47.9% |
| California 3 | John Bidwell | Republican | 1864 | Retired Democratic gain |
James A. Johnson (D) 50.6% Chancellor Hartson (R) 49.4% |
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